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• particle size distribution
  • of
    • raindrops

• particle size distribution
  • of
    • raindrops
      • approximation
        • comparison: Duhanyan N and Roustan 2011 (exponential, gamma, log-normal, Weibull), Chapon B et al 2008 (exponential, gamma), Cerro C et al 1997 (exponential, gamma, log-normal)
        • exponential
          • and
            • gamma approximation
              • operational equivalence: Smith PL 2003
            • instantaneous sampling, see measurement, sampling duration effects, incompatibility with exponential approximation
            • rain rate: Delrieu G et al 1996, Marshall JS and Palmer 1948
              see also approximation, log-normal, and rain rate
          • applicable to average PSD rather than to instant PSD: Joss J and Gori 1978
          • early proponents: Marshall JS and Palmer 1948, Laws JO and Parsons 1943
          • evaluation: Chapon B et al 2008, Cerro C et al 1997, Coutinho MA and Tomás 1995, Wickerts S 1982, Joss J et al 1967
          • parameters: Duhanyan N and Roustan 2011 (compilation), Delrieu G et al 1996, Marshall JS and Palmer 1948
          • relevance for radar reflectivity vs. rain rate relationship: Cerro C et al 1997
          • underestimation of microwave attenuation by rain: Ihara T et al 1984
        • gamma
          • and exponential approximation
            • operational equivalence: Smith PL 2003
          • as best fit: Cerro C et al 1997
          • convective rain: Seifert A 2005, Massambani O and Morales 1991
          • evaluation: Chapon B et al 2008, de Wolf DA 2001, Cerro C et al 1997, Best AC 1950
          • intense rain: Willis PT and Tattelman 1982
          • parameters
            • compilation: Duhanyan N and Roustan 2011
            • relationship between: Seifert A 2005
          • three-parameter: Ulbrich CW 1983
            • fitting to data
              • truncated moments method: Ulbrich CW and Atlas 1998
          • truncated: Kumar LS et al 2010
          • two-parameter: Kumar LS et al 2011
          • use in determining rain intensity from radar reflectivity: Chapon B et al 2008
        • Laws-Parsons, see exponential
        • log-normal
          • and rain rate: Ochou AD et al 2007
            see also exponential, and rain rate
          • as best fit for instantaneous sampling: Harikumar R et al 2010, Ochou AD et al 2007, Feingold G and Levin 1986
          • as best fit for widespread rain: Feingold G and Levin 1986
          • convective cloud: Feingold G and Levin 1986
          • evaluation: Cerro C et al 1997
          • parameters: Duhanyan N and Roustan 2011 (compilation)
        • Marshall-Palmer, see exponential
        • scaling law
          • derivation: Sempere Torres D et al 1994
          • fitting to data: Sempere Torres D et al 1994
        • Weibull distribution
          • modeling of microwave attenuation by rain: Sekine M and Lind 1982
        • see also particle size distribution
          • approximation
          • of aerosol, approximation
      • discussion: Williams CR and Gage 2009, Ochou AD et al 2007, Ulbrich CW 1983, Marshall JS and Palmer 1948
      • experimental study: Ochou AD et al 2007, Delrieu G et al 1996, Cerro C et al 1997, Best AC 1950
      • measurement
        • sampling duration effects
          • instantaneous sampling
            • best fit approximation for PSD, see log-normal approximation, as best fit for instantaneous sampling
            • incompatibility with exponential approximation: Joss J and Gori 1978, Fujiwara M 1965
          • PSD dependence on sampling duration: Joss J et al 1967
        • differential reflectivity of polarized radar: Ulbrich CW 1986, Seliga TA and Bringi 1976 (assuming exponential raindrop size distribution)
        • dyed filter paper: Marshall JS and Palmer 1948
        • problems: Kumar LS et al 2010
      • variability: Williams CR and Gage 2009, Ulbrich CW 1983
  • see also Particle size distribution
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  [Please how can the index be improved.]